Global Geoengineering

The Imperative to End Solar Radiation Management

For over seven decades, the skies above our world have been transformed into a battlefield of unchecked experimentation. Solar Radiation Management (SRM) – a core pillar of geoengineering – has evolved from early weather modification efforts into a current, global operation explicitly deployed to counteract what is currently framed as anthropogenic global warming.

By injecting vast quantities of reflective nanoparticles into the stratosphere, SRM aims to scatter sunlight and induce planetary cooling, claiming to mitigate the temperature rises attributed solely to the small percentage made greenhouse gas emissions said to be made by man. This is no mere proposal confined to academic white papers or speculative models; SRM is an active program, with persistent aerial dispersions worldwide, disrupting the water cycle, altering precipitation, causing large anomalous weather patterns and chemical signatures in soils and rainwater. Flights equipped with sampling gear have captured these interventions at altitudes exceeding 40,000 feet, revealing the chemical origin of trails that linger and spread unnaturally, defying the physics of simple contrails. Lab analyses from independent sources consistently detect elevated levels of aluminum, barium, and strontium – hallmarks of SRM formulations – in precipitation and earth samples across continents, from California’s drought-stricken valleys to Europe’s farmlands and Asia’s monsoon belts. It is not a question about isolated anomalies; satellite imagery show grid-like aerosol patterns everyday and everywhere, including over the Pacific and Atlantic. Declassified military documents outline “weather as a force multiplier.”

The European Union’s complicity deepens this global indictment. The European Commission holds control and responsibility for geoengineering projects within the EU, deciding on projects that occur over national states’ skies. Under the Horizon Europe program – a €95 billion behemoth for 2021–2027, intended by the Commission to balloon into a staggering €175 billion by 2034 – the European Commission wields unilateral control over geoengineering projects, including chemtrail dispersals (“interventions in cloud formations”), sidelining member states from veto, review, or liability. Projects like GENIE (GeoEngineering and NegatIve Emissions pathways in Europe), funded with millions since 2021, probe SRM’s environmental and ethical facets, while Co-CREATE crafts guidelines for aerosol injections – all orchestrated from Brussels with national skies as unwitting test beds. The unique centralization, aka dictatorship, is an astounding ethical failure.

Over 50 other countries, from the U.S. to China, Russia and the UAE, deploy cloud seeding with silver iodide or dry ice and SRM technology openly, backed by 700–1,000 patents spanning rain-making devices to stratospheric perturbations, as cataloged in U.S. filings like US10888051B2 (2020).

Climate Crisis is merely the consequences of Geoengineering

In this fog of massively sprayed engineered particulates, discerning genuine atmospheric shifts from human-induced weather engineering chaos is absolutely impossible. What we label “global warming” today is inextricably intertwined with SRM’s distortions – manipulated jet streams, chemically nucleated storms and sun-dimming veils that fuel and warp natural cycles beyond recognition – done extensively for decades. Until these operations cease entirely and unadulterated weather patterns are restored, any discussion of planetary health remains speculative at best, poisoned at worst.

This engineered narrative of “climate crisis” serves darker ends: it is just the means for control and wealth transfer. As Australian Senator Malcolm Roberts asserts, the climate fraud de-industrializes the West, funnels trillions via carbon taxes to unelected bodies like the UN, birthing a socialist global order. Worth to mention Christiana Figueres, ex-UNFCCC head, admitted in 2015: “This is the first time in the history of mankind that we are setting ourselves the task of intentionally… to change the economic development model that has been reigning for at least 150 years.” Roberts’ verdict: “They’re pushing it for control and wealth transfer.”

Public backers of SRM and geoengineering, such as Bill Gates, who funded Harvard’s SCoPEx project since 2006 to test stratospheric aerosol injections, are now re-treating from the Climate Hysteria amid mounting public and scientific backlash. Even mainstream outlets are now giving whistleblowers a voice, exposing sprayed particulates as ‘an elephant in the sky’- discussing the lab-confirmed toxins and state bans. In 2025, a California sunlight-dimming trial backed by similar initiatives collapsed due to regulatory failures and public outcry, with Gates-linked efforts facing ethical scrutiny and for-profit races into SRM criticized for eroding scientific trust. The trial in California was a secret test of technology to block the sun’s rays, not meant to be revealed to the public — while a much huger sequel was planned. 

Gates is not alone. Increasingly, geoengineering supporters are backing away, with European advisers recommending stepped-up research but explicitly warning against sun-dimming deployment for now, highlighting a transatlantic split where the U.S. races ahead while caution prevails elsewhere.

Historical Climate Alarms – A Legacy of Incorrect Predictions

To understand SRM and geoengineering’s current deployment as a response to global warming, it’s essential to revisit the shifting sands of climate science narratives. In the 1970s, amid post-WWII industrialization and emerging aerosol pollution concerns, media and scientists speculated about an impending “global cooling” crisis, warning of a new ice age that would freeze the planet within decades. “The Cooling World” was predicted to cause drastic agricultural collapses, mass migrations, and societal upheaval from falling temperatures, fueled by orbital variations and sulfate aerosols from fossil fuels reflecting sunlight – ironically, a precursor to SRM’s reflective logic.

A couple of examples – in no way a complete list:

Ecologist and professor at the University of California Kenneth Watt echoed this in 1970, asserting an end of crude oil and a global temperature drop of 11 degrees Fahrenheit by century’s end, leading to widespread crop failures and “none of our land will be usable” for agriculture by 2000. Time magazine’s 1974 cover story amplified fears of a “Big Freeze,” citing a National Academy of Sciences panel that, while itself balanced, was selectively quoted by media to stoke panic. S. Dillon Ripley, a wildlife conservationist who served as secretary of the Smithsonian Institute, warned that 75 percent to 80 percent of species would be extinct by 1995. Biologist Paul Ehrlich at Stanford University warned that by the end of the decade up to 200 million people would die each year from starvation due to overpopulation, life expectancy plummet to 42 years, and all ocean life would perish. Peter Gunter, a professor at North Texas State University, predicted that “world population will outrun food supplies” and “the entire world, with the exception of Western Europe, North America, and Australia, will be in famine” by the year 2000. In 1971, Dr. S. I. Rasool, an atmospheric scientist at NASA, predicted the coming of a “new ice age” within 50 years. In 1975, Ehrlich, that Stanford biologist, noe warned that 90 percent of tropical rainforests and 50 percent of species would disappear within 30 years.

In 1980s it was the ozone hole scare and in 1988, James Hansen gave a testimony forecasting 4-9°F warming by 2030 while Hussein Shihab, environmental affairs director of the Maldives, warned that his island nation would be completely underwater within 30 years, which wouldn’t even matter because experts also predicted the Maldives would run out of drinking water by 1992.  

In 2000s, the official narrative pivoted decisively towards climate warming scares instead, with Al Gore’s An Inconvenient Truth (2006) predicting 20-foot sea-level rises by 2100 – later revised downward by IPCC reports to 1-3 feet under moderate scenarios – neither proven to be correct. In 2004, a Pentagon analysis warned of global anarchy due to climate change. Major European cities would be underwater by 2020, at which point Britain would suffer from a “Siberian” climate. A 2008 U.S. Geological Survey alarm of 17 inches of sea rise by 2100 was halved in subsequent models.

All their predictions were wrong. It was political and media hypes. The alarms lacked the scientific consensus they claimed. For example, a 2008 analysis in Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society reviewed 71 climate papers from 1965-1979 and found only 7% predicted cooling – debunking the “cooling consensus” science myth. The concerns of the world cooling had been driven by incomplete data on aerosols and Milankovitch cycles. The authors now meant that most of the earlier scientists had actually instead warned of global warming, the official hype at the time.

50 years of doomsday flops amplified for policy urgency, has eroded trust in politicians, media and so called “scientists” proven to be just activists. To not repeat earlier mistakes today’s official narrative is now “climate change” – winning regardless which way it goes.

Yet SRM is ramped up today still to “stop global warming,”. But it is still a climate´doomsday forecast based on erronious data – this time faulty climate computer-models and false methods of measuring, like scientists imagining what temperatures would have been “expected” to have been measured IF thermometers – long time removed in large areas – had still been in place. The claim that almost all scientists agree on global warming is thoroughly debunked. But knowledge of history reveals the pattern of manipulation: inaccurate predictions hailed as absolute truths by alarmists who demand horrid and more and more extreme interventions be justified, even arguing for dictatorship to ensure it happen. None of the so called experts refer to the full-scale global SRM as having any part in the “Climate Change”, yet use its consequences, like extreme local weather phenomen, as “proof” of it.

The Carlson-Wigington Interview

In a November 2025 episode Tucker Carlson sat down with Dane Wigington, founder of GeoEngineeringWatch.org and discussed atmospheric manipulation. The 90-minute exchange, viewed millions of times already, go into detail about the present SRM catastrophe deployed to arrest global warming’s advance. Wigington, drawing from 18 years of fieldwork – including 500 independent lab tests and high-altitude sampling missions – laid bare the mechanics of global deployment: fleets of retrofitted military tankers (KC-135s and C-17s) dispersing millions of tons of nanoparticles annually, creating a persistent aerosol shroud that blocks 50-70% of solar radiation on heavy spray days.

Wigington recounted his personal awakening: constructing an off-grid solar home in Northern California, only to witness the solar heating output plummet amid unnatural haze. Rainwater tests escalated from 7 parts per billion (ppb) aluminum to spikes of 3,450 ppb – levels toxic to life forms – while airborne samples processed at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute confirmed bioavailable aluminum alongside barium, strontium, and graphene filaments, matching SRM patents for reflectivity. He dismissed contrails as a red herring: modern high-bypass engines produce scant vapor, yet skies worldwide fill with grid-patterned dispersions that morph into cirrus-like shields, as captured in up-close footage of nozzles toggling mid-flight.

The interview spotlight the weaponization of SRM. Historical precedents like Project Cirrus (the 1947 hurricane seeding) and Operation Popeye (Vietnam-era rain extension) have evolved into today’s arsenal, per a 1978 U.S. Senate blueprint for global cooperation. Wigington revealed gag orders silencing NOAA staff – one whistleblower confided, “We all know this is going on” – and military docs like “Wildfires as a Military Weapon,” which detail 17 U.S. sites for fire ignition via drought induction and incendiary agents. He mentioned anomalies like the 2025’s hurricane deflections sparing Florida while ravaging resource-rich Jamaica; Texas floods pinned by NEXRAD frequencies; Maui’s Lahaina blaze fueled by aluminum-laced “blowtorch” winds. Programs have been active in California, Colorado, Texas since the 1940s per NOAA’s 1979 report and the 1977 ENMOD treaty’s “peaceful” loophole.

Carlson, visibly stunned, pressed on ethics as this is playing God with the planet. Wigington concurred, calling SRM a biosphere murder – a warfare tool masquerading as salvation, trapping heat beneath its veil while elites like Bill Gates fund Harvard’s SCoPEx for stratospheric perturbations.

The Newsmax interview

After the Tucker interview, Wigington testified for Wyoming’s geoengineering ban bill. He also appeared on Newsmax. In that interview Wigington pointed to how the entire global science community are describing in detail exactly what we see happening in the skies, how they want to spray light-scattering particles, claiming it is to slow down the warming of the planet “but in fact we know these operations are further fueling the climate problems – not mitigating them.” Finnerty asked in the interview how SRM can be a conspiracy theory when so many states are now banning it.

Efforts from smaller, publicized corporations like those of Rainmaker Technologies (a cloud-seeding startup) were also discussed. Rainmaker’s CEO, Augustus Doricko, backed by Peter Thiel’s Founders Fund, promotes localized rain enhancement using drones and silver iodide – claiming it combats droughts ethically. Wigington argued that these flashy private ventures serve as a smoke screen and controlled opposition, normalizing the concept of geoengineering while diverting scrutiny from the massive federal/military SRM programs involving DOD/NOAA and the 40-60 million tons of nanoparticles sprayed annually via U.S. military tankers (e.g., KC-135s with retrofitted nozzles). Wigington:“Rainmaker and these small-scale seedings? They’re distractions… The real issue is the federal programs, the nozzles turning on and off at 40,000 feet.” He cited the 1978 U.S. Senate report granting 10-12 agencies legal immunity and Iran’s UN accusations of U.S. “rain-stealing” as examples of federal-scale operations.

Mainstream breakthroughs like Tucker Carlson’s and Newsmax’s interviews expose the ‘boot over the neck’ the complete silencing of outlets, like CNN, that have to persist in ‘conspiracy’ dismissals – exemplifying governance anarchy where denials shield liability for borderless harms.

The Dangers of Solar Radiation Management – and an Abrupt Halt

SRM’s allure – rapid, cheap, scalable cooling via stratospheric injections to halt claimed global warming – belies a Pandora’s box of perils. By design, it should scatter 1-2% of sunlight, but in practice, global operations have dimmed skies very unevenly and with a lack of finetuning, engineering “freeze-fry” whiplash: engineered blizzards in Florida (January 2025’s historic first) juxtaposed with October heat waves in Canada, temperatures in Scandinavia switching 25 degrees Celcius in hours in accordance with the spraying rather than natural temperature patterns. This isn’t mitigation; it’s destabilization of the climate. Ozone collapse, already near-functional failure from aerosol chemistry, amplifies UV-B/C penetration, shredding DNA in exposed ecosystems while official monitors – calibrated for pre-SRM baselines – underreport the assault. EU-funded GENIE warns of SRM’s water cycle disruptions, precipitation shifts, ozone depletion, and ocean acidification acceleration – abrupt halts deemed “highly dangerous and uncertain.”

Biosphere collapse has accelerated: forests, down 66% globally since pre-industrial eras, suffocate as aluminum seals stomata, halting respiration and nutrient uptake; the remaining third wither, their scents evaporated by UV scars. Insects plummet 80-90%, pollinators to single digits, unraveling food webs; Atlantic plankton – ocean oxygen’s backbone – crashes 90%, starving marine life laced with whale-tissue aluminum. Crops falter, yields halved in commercial arrays, while wildlife herds dwindle 75% in four years. Human tolls mou – facilitating outbreaks.

A September 2025 Frontiers in Science study, led by University of Exeter’s Martin Siegert with experts from six continents, eviscerates polar SRM variants: stratospheric aerosol injections (mimicking volcanoes) falter in winter darkness, demanding 60,000 annual flights at billions in costs; Arctic glass-bead spreading (360 megatons/year) risks food-web toxicity, halting the Arctic Ice Project; underwater glacier barriers cost $80 billion for mere 80-km sections in ice-blocked seas. The authors conclude: “We believe that the proposed concepts would be environmentally harmful… not feasible,” introducing “new and serious environmental risks” – akin to tobacco’s “filter” scam.

Its use as a veiled warfare is significant. Military admissions, like Iran’s UN charges against NATO for 40-year drought ops, underscore geopolitical sabotage: targeted famines as a weapon. In Wigington’s words: “The most damaging human activity on Earth,” is the real cause of the sixth extinction with our skies raining toxicity.

However, like Wigington’s documentary The Dimming (26 million views) explains, while urging viewers to demand transparency there is a risk of a “termination shock”. That is if an abrubt halt of SRM and geo-engineering, as it is so massively deployed globally, may unleash a rebound chaos, which could be fatal to us if the weather and climate gets too chaotic before eventually normalizing again. Recent U.S. upheavals under DOGE (Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk since March 2025) amplify this urgency: 1,200 NOAA layoffs and suspended USAID grants have yielded “naturally clear blue skies,” per reports, while rumors swirl of disclosures on global weather mod funding.

Ethical Breaches: The Moral Abyss of Geoengineering

Geo-engineering transcend political and scientific depravity into profound egregious ethical violations; it is a technocratic tyranny that subjugates humanity and nature to unaccountable power. Foremost is the annihilation of consent: billions are dosed aerially without ballot, voice or choice, a violation of Nuremberg codes on experimentation and UN indigenous rights.

Deployment’s borderless fallout – monsoon deficits in India, polar vortex snaps in Europe – equates to Atmospheric Imperialism, where U.S. tankers (three times the global fleet) dictate fates for the Global South, per CIEL’s 2024-2025 briefings on geo-slavery. This isn’t equity; it’s apartheid, shielding Northern agribusiness while equatorial smallholders starve, crop losses hitting 20-30% in sub-Saharan models. Indigenous Arctic voices, reliant on unaltered ecosystems, decry SRM as cultural erasure, per the Exeter study.

Intergenerational theft compounds the outrage: apart from the fact that SRM’s endless injections bequeath termination shock, there is a legacy of millennia of soil sterility from heavy-metals. Ethicists at Harvard’s Salata Institute decry this as “pedocide” – poisoning futures for illusory present gains, with 2025 UN reports warning of “governance anarchy” enabling rogue actors like billionaire startups to unilateralize the sun.

Sun deprivation induces lowered health and increased mental despair and depression on top of the damages to the biotop and climate. It is a “Promethean arrogance”, this treating Earth as hackable code, per Royal Society’s 2025 verdict on ecocide risks. Ken Caldeira, a notorious geo-engineer, has earlier boasted about weaponizing geo-engineering, how to change climate, create tsunami’s for destroying costal cities and how pathogen-spraying clouds would infect the people below as a very effective weapon. Carnegie’s 2025 analysis flags “planetary security” flashpoints – wars over “climate vetoes” – cementing SRM as ethical bankruptcy, a bipartisan abomination demanding global indictment. EU’s Horizon oversight, per AfD inquiries, exposes member states’ powerlessness: as an example the federal government of Germany confirms it has no authority, no veto rights, no risk assessment possibility or review mechanism and bears no liability regarding the EU-funded geoengineering projects, they just pay for it. Real-world laboratories, interventions in cloud formation, or CO₂ removal are carried out and controlled solely by the unelected EU Commission in Brussels with no legal basis. It is a “governance vacuum” breeding unchecked hubris.

The Toxic Arsenal: Bromine, Lithium, and Aluminum in SRM Sprays

SRM’s chemical payload – engineered for reflectivity – ravages life’s continuum. It includes bromine compounds (for ozone interaction), lithium salts (ionospheric modulation), and aluminum nanoparticles (primary scatterers), dispersed in coal-fly-ash bases, infiltrating air, water, and earth globally. These substances aren’t benign; they’re bioaccumulative poisons, with rainwater spikes (e.g., 3,450 ppb aluminum) exceeding safe thresholds by orders of magnitude, as documented in 500+ GeoEngineeringWatch tests.

Aluminum Nanoparticles: The linchpin, these ultrafine particulates (smaller than PM2.5) evade filters, lodging in lungs and brains and everywhere else. Soluble forms trigger oxidative stress, inflaming neurons and elevating Alzheimer’s/Parkinson’s risks by disrupting blood-brain barriers – 2022 NIH reviews link geo-sourced AlNPs to 40% neurodevelopmental surges in children. In plants, aluminum binds roots, forming lesions that invite disease and slash uptake by 40% in wheat/soy; forests “shut down,” per peer-reviewed stomata studies. Animals fare worse: aquatic larvae mortality hits 50-70%, bioaccumulating up chains to whales with tissue loads 10x norms. Humans inhale equivalents to industrial exposure, spiking respiratory cancers and autoimmune flares – concerns that actually halted a 2024 open-air aerosol test in mere days.

Lithium Salts: Deployed for aerosol stability, lithium leaches into soils, hyper-accumulating in crops (up 300% in sprayed zones). Neurotoxic, it mimics bipolar mania at chronic lows, per toxicology data, while disrupting endocrine systems – animal studies show 30% fertility drops and thyroid havoc in amphibians. Plants wilt under lithium stress, chlorophyll shredded, yields crashing 25%; ecosystems teeter as pollinators reject tainted flora.

Bromine Compounds: Used in halide aerosols for cloud seeding, bromine depletes ozone (5-10% losses modeled) while corroding lungs – inhalation causes bronchitis-like fibrosis, per environmental health scopes. In biota, it bio-magnifies, teratogenic in fish (deformed offspring at 20 ppb) and carcinogenic in mammals, with 2023 reviews noting cell death cascades.

Synergistically, these toxins amplify: aluminum-bromine reactions acidify rains (pH 4.5), lithium-aluminum complexes evade detox, poisoning en masse – exacerbated by the unregulated “real-world labs” for cloud interventions. The global dispersals know no borders, the health risks are at a planetary level.

Microbes – soil bacteria essential for nutrient cycling – perish under metal onslaughts, AlNPs retarding growth 50% and fostering antibiotic-resistant strains. Plants, from algae to ancient redwoods, exhibit “nanotoxicity”: nanoparticles pierce cell walls, sparking reactive oxygen bursts that necrotize tissues, per UC Riverside’s 2025 cellular probe – global biomass dips 5-10%, forests “ghosting” into skeletal husks. Polar proposals compound fragility: glass beads threaten Arctic food webs, per ecotoxicological halts.

Animals absorb via food webs: insects collapse 80-90%, their exoskeletons corroded; birds and mammals suffer organ failure – liver/kidney loads 100x baselines in exposed deer. Marine species choke on planktonic toxins, whales beaching with neural lesions. The situation is similar for humans. A scoping review of 29 studies flags cell viability crashes, inflammation epidemics – respiratory deaths up 20%, neuro disorders surging 40% in sprayed corridors. Children, elders, and the immunocompromised bear the brunt of it: fetal exposures via maternal inhalation yield developmental delays.

Aluminum’s Fiery Legacy: Supercharging Forest Infernos

Aluminum nanoparticles, pyrophoric by nature, transmute landscapes into tinderboxes. Known for thermite reactions – igniting at 1,200°F with oxygen – these particulates, fallout-laden in soils (up 1,000% in California tests), lower ignition thresholds by 200-300°C. Wildfires, already SRM-fueled via drought suppression, explode: Palisades and Lahaina blazes (2023-2024) saw “blowtorch” winds whip aluminum-sparked embers, per military docs on incendiary prep. Risk amplification? 50-100x, as nanoparticles sustain combustion, per fire tech analyses – spot fires from hot Aluminum particles ignite fuels at distances triple norms. Post-fire, metals like aluminum leach into waters (up 500% in ash runoff), poisoning regrowth and perpetuating “fire scars” that hinder carbon sinks, locking in SRM’s vicious cycle – mirroring state bans’ health-driven urgency.

Halting the Assault and Reversing the Damages

Ceasing SRM demands multifaceted resolve. In the states in the U.S there is definitely a strong bottom-up public preassure today, rather than an elite-driven push, forcing states to act. Laws like the Tennessee SB 2691 bans sunlight-affecting injections, Kentucky’s HB 506, and South Dakota’s HB 1234 – up to 36 states now have bills pending to stop geo-engineering. The Florida’s House Bill 477 (HB 477) – a landmark anti-geoengineering law – repeals existing cloud-seeding licenses, prohibits “the release of chemicals into the atmosphere to affect temperature, weather, or sunlight intensity,” and imposes $10,000 fines per violation on individuals or entities. There are also federal probes, like the 2025 House Oversight hearing, to subpoena NOAA/DOD for full disclosure.

Globally, UN moratoriums – bolstered by for example Iran’s NATO accusations and Antarctic Treaty’s caution – could enforce via satellite monitoring; AfD’s German inquiry demands EU transparency and a possibility to veto SRM.

Increased Awareness makes all the difference. And people are aware. People have started to network globally and take political actions all over the world as grassroot networks are not affected by any form of gag-order, apart from the constant ridiculing from bought media, and that is a tool that has lost its cutting-edge long ago.

That Gates and others are now distancing themselves amid 2025’s demands of reckonings is a very telling sign that the Climate Change narrative is dead and has lost its foothold on the public. People are utterly fed up with the deceptions around it and politicians, NGO’s and bought media are scrambling to adjust but have yet to catch up.

Remediation has gained focus. Chelation agents are discussed, like humic acids that bind metals in soils, restoring pH over 5-10 years; mycorrhizal fungi inoculants revive plant microbiomes, boosting uptake 30-50%. Reforestation with hyperaccumulators (e.g., sunflowers for aluminum) sequesters toxins; ozone recovery via sulfur scrubbers could rebound 20% in a decade. For human and animal detoxification zeolite supplements and saunas expel nanoparticles, per clinical pilots reducing loads 40%. There is also a demand of reparations from perpetrators like Gates-funded operations, Raytheon contracts etc.

SRM’s reign marks humanity’s darkest hubris, a current bulwark against claimed global warming that’s fracturing under its own weight. The dangers eclipse any “benefit,” its ethics a cesspool of exploitation, its toxins a slow-motion apocalypse – echoing decades of alarmist misfires from cooling panics to overstated rises. Aluminum’s flames, lithium’s madness, bromine’s breath – these are not abstractions but the air we share, creating a toxic smog over countryside and city alike.

Let us cease calling it a conspiracy theory.

And let us cease with all forms of SRM, Geoengineering, Weather Manipulation, Sun-dimming.

https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2025/07/geoengineering-assessing-risks-in-the-era-of-planetary-security?lang=en